From Ponds to Profits: Starting a Fish Farming Business

Here are the most important factors to consider when starting your fish farming business:

1. Location — Choose a location with suitable environmental conditions, such as temperature and soil type. Proximity to markets and suppliers can reduce transportation costs. Ensure the site has access to clean, fresh water. Water quality is crucial for the health and growth of the fish.
2. Licenses and permits — Get the necessary licenses and permits to operate a fish farm. This may include environmental clearances, water use permits, and fish farming licenses.
3. Fish farming system — Choose the farming system for your needs such as a pond, tank, or cage system. Implement sustainable farming practices to minimize environmental impact, such as using eco-friendly feed and reducing waste.
4. Stocking and feeding — Purchase healthy fingerlings from reputable suppliers. Develop a feeding plan based on the nutritional needs of the fish. Quality feed ensures healthy growth and better yields.
5. Water management — Regularly test water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and ammonia levels. Implement a system for regular water exchange to maintain water quality.
6. Register your business — A limited liability company (LLC) is the best legal structure for new businesses because it is fast and simple. Form your business immediately using ZenBusiness LLC formation service or hire one of the best LLC services on the market.
7. Legal business aspects — Register for taxes, open a business bank account, and get an EIN.
8. Harvesting and processing — Use appropriate methods to harvest fish to minimize stress and damage. Set up facilities for cleaning, processing, and packaging fish. Ensure compliance with food safety regulations.

Step 1: Decide if the Business Is Right for You

Pros and cons

Starting a fish farming business has pros and cons to consider before deciding if it’s right for you. 

Fish farming industry trends

Industry size and growth

• Industry size and past growth – The global fish farming industry was worth $285.3 billion in 2021 after strong 5% growth the previous three years.((https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/fish-farming-market)) 
• Growth forecast – The global fish farming industry is projected to expand almost a third by 2027 to reach $378 billion. 
• Number of businesses – In 2022, 4,171 aquaculture businesses are operating in the US.((https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-statistics/number-of-businesses/fish-seafood-aquaculture-united-states/)) 
• Number of people employed – In 2022, the US aquaculture industry employs 10,417 people.((https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-statistics/employment/fish-seafood-aquaculture-united-states/)) 

Trends and challenges

Trends in the fish farming industry include:

• New technologies that more accurately gauge production and estimate sales are increasing the efficiency and profitability of fish farms.
• Because of the many health benefits, the demand for fish is growing in the US and around the world.

Challenges in the fish farming industry include:

• Diseases result in an estimated $6 billion in losses to fish farms every year, which means water quality and fish health must be closely monitored.  
• Fish farms risk polluting original water sources when they flush dead fish and waste products out of their ponds and back into the water table. 

Consumer spending

• Average consumer spend – The average person in the US spends approximately $178 on fish and seafood every year.((https://www.statista.com/statistics/249300/us-expenses-on-fish-and-seafood-per-consumer-unit-by-region/))
• Potential customer base – A survey showed that 74% of Americans reported eating fish in the last 30 days.((https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4277015/)) 

Demand hotspots

• Most popular states – The most popular states for fisheries technicians are Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York.((https://www.zippia.com/fisheries-technician-jobs/best-states/))
• Least popular states – The least popular states for fisheries technicians are North Dakota, Tennessee, and Alabama. 

What kind of people work in fish farming?

• Gender –  29.6% of fisheries technicians are female, while 70.4% are male.((https://www.zippia.com/fisheries-technician-jobs/demographics/))
• Average level of education – The average fisheries technician has a bachelor’s degree.
• Average age -The average fisheries technician in the US is 37.9 years old.

How much does it cost to start a fish farming business?

Startup costs for a fish farming business range from $80,000 to more than $200,000. Costs include the down payment on land, the excavation and construction of the ponds, and fish farming equipment.

You’ll need a handful of items to successfully launch your fish farming business, including: 

• Pumps, aerators, reclamation devices
• Pond cleaning equipment
• Fish processing equipment
• Delivery truck
• Fish eggs or juvenile fish 
• Fish food

Start-up Costs	Ballpark Range	Average
Setting up a business name and corporation	$150 - $200	$175
Business licenses and permits	$100 - $300	$200
Insurance	$100-$300	$200
Business cards and brochures	$200 - $300	$250
Website setup	$1,000 - $3,000	$2,000
Land down payment	$30,000 - $100,000	$65,000
Excavation and construction of ponds	$30,000 - $100,000	$65,000
Equipment	$20,000 - $30,000	$25,000
Total	$81,550 - $234,100	$157,825

How much can you earn from a fish farming business?

The prices you charge will vary based on the species of fish you farm. An average price might be about $7 per pound wholesale. After the cost of labor, maintenance, and fish food your profit margin should be about 40%.

In your first year or two, you could sell 2,000 pounds of fish per month, bringing in $168,000 in annual revenue. This would mean $67,000 in profit, assuming that 40% margin. As you grow your customer base, sales could climb to 3,000 pounds per month. With annual revenue of $252,000, you’d make a handsome profit of more than $100,000.

What barriers to entry are there?

There are a few barriers to entry for a fish farming business. Your biggest challenges will be:

• The high startup costs of the land and ponds
• Learning the processes of fish farming
• Finding suitable land for your fish farm

Step 2: Hone Your Idea

Now that you know what’s involved in starting a fish farming business, it’s a good idea to hone your concept in preparation to enter a competitive market. 

Market research will give you the upper hand, even if you’re already positive that you have a perfect product or service. Conducting market research is important, because it can help you understand your customers better, who your competitors are, and your business landscape.

Why? Identify an opportunity

Research fish farms in your area to examine their products, price points, and customer reviews. You’re looking for a market gap to fill. For instance, maybe the local market is missing a commercial fish farm that produces trout or a fish hatchery that produces freshwater shellfish. 

This could jumpstart your word-of-mouth marketing and attract clients right away. 

What? Determine which species of fish you’ll farm

You’ll just need to determine which types of seafood you’ll farm. It may be somewhat dependent on climate, so you may want to do some research.

How much should you charge for fish?

The prices you charge will vary based on the species of fish you farm. An average price might be about $7 per pound wholesale. After the cost of labor, maintenance, and fish food you should aim for a profit margin of about 40%.

Once you know your costs, you can use this Step By Step profit margin calculator to determine your mark-up and final price points. Remember, the prices you use at launch should be subject to change if warranted by the market.

Who? Identify your target market

Your target market will be businesses such as commercial food producers, grocery stores, and restaurants. You can connect with business owners on LinkedIn or find them on Google and Yelp and call them directly. 

Where? Choose your fish farm location

Choosing the right location for your fish farming business is essential for its success. Look for a spot with access to clean water and good water quality, such as a natural pond or a controlled environment. Consider the climate and weather conditions in the area, as well as the topography and natural vegetation.

Additionally, assess the local regulations and zoning laws to ensure compliance and obtain any necessary permits. Depending on the type of fish you plan to raise, you may also want to consider the proximity to markets, suppliers, and other resources.

By strategically choosing the right location, you can establish a profitable and sustainable fish farming business that produces high-quality fish and seafood products and stands out in the competitive aquaculture industry.

Step 3: Brainstorm a Fish Farm Name

Here are some ideas for brainstorming your business name:

• Short, unique, and catchy names tend to stand out
• Names that are easy to say and spell tend to do better 
• Name should be relevant to your product or service offerings
• Ask around — family, friends, colleagues, social media — for suggestions
• Including keywords, such as “fish farm” or “fresh fish”, boosts SEO
• Name should allow for expansion, for ex: “Fresh Catch Farms” over “Catfish Farms”
• A location-based name can help establish a strong connection with your local community and help with the SEO but might hinder future expansion

Once you’ve got a list of potential names, visit the website of the US Patent and Trademark Office to make sure they are available for registration and check the availability of related domain names using our Domain Name Search tool. Using “.com” or “.org” sharply increases credibility, so it’s best to focus on these. 

Finally, make your choice among the names that pass this screening and go ahead with domain registration and social media account creation. Your business name is one of the key differentiators that sets your business apart. Once you pick your company name, and start with the branding, it is hard to change the business name. Therefore, it’s important to carefully consider your choice before you start a business entity.

Step 4: Create a Fish Farm Business Plan

Here are the key components of a business plan:

• Executive Summary: A brief overview outlining the essential details of the fish farming business, including its goals, mission, and key highlights.
• Business Overview: Detailed information about the fish farming venture, covering its mission, vision, legal structure, location, and the overarching purpose of the business.
• Product and Services: Clear description of the specific fish species to be cultivated, associated products (such as processed fish), and any additional services offered.
• Market Analysis: Examination of the target market, demand for fish products, industry trends, and potential challenges, providing insights into the business’s market positioning.
• Competitive Analysis: Assessment of competitors in the fish farming industry, including their strengths and weaknesses, to identify opportunities and potential areas for differentiation.
• Sales and Marketing: Strategies for promoting and selling fish products, encompassing pricing, distribution channels, and marketing tactics to reach the target audience.
• Management Team: Introduction of the key individuals responsible for running the fish farming business, highlighting their roles, expertise, and contributions to the venture.
• Operations Plan: A comprehensive outline of day-to-day activities, including fish cultivation processes, equipment, suppliers, and logistics to ensure smooth operational flow.
• Financial Plan: Detailed projections of the financial aspects, encompassing startup costs, revenue forecasts, expenses, and potential profits, providing a comprehensive view of the business’s financial health.
• Appendix: Supplementary materials, such as permits, legal documents, and additional information supporting the fish farming business plan.

If you’ve never created a business plan, it can be an intimidating task. You might consider hiring a business plan specialist to create a top-notch business plan for you.

Step 5: Register Your Business

Plus, registration is exciting because it makes the entire process official. Once it’s complete, you’ll have your own business! 

Choose where to register your company

Your business location is important because it can affect taxes, legal requirements, and revenue. Most people will register their business in the state where they live, but if you’re planning to expand, you might consider looking elsewhere, as some states could offer real advantages when it comes to fish farms. 

If you’re willing to move, you could really maximize your business! Keep in mind, it’s relatively easy to transfer your business to another state. 

Choose your business structure

Business entities come in several varieties, each with its pros and cons. The legal structure you choose for your fish farming business will shape your taxes, personal liability, and business registration requirements, so choose wisely. 

Here are the main options:

• Sole Proprietorship – The most common structure for small businesses makes no legal distinction between company and owner. All income goes to the owner, who’s also liable for any debts, losses, or liabilities incurred by the business. The owner pays taxes on business income on his or her personal tax return.
• General Partnership – Similar to a sole proprietorship, but for two or more people. Again, owners keep the profits and are liable for losses. The partners pay taxes on their share of business income on their personal tax returns.
• Limited Liability Company (LLC) – Combines the characteristics of corporations with those of sole proprietorships or partnerships. Again, the owners are not personally liable for debts.
• C Corp – Under this structure, the business is a distinct legal entity and the owner or owners are not personally liable for its debts. Owners take profits through shareholder dividends, rather than directly. The corporation pays taxes, and owners pay taxes on their dividends, which is sometimes referred to as double taxation.
• S Corp – An S-Corporation refers to the tax classification of the business but is not a business entity. An S-Corp can be either a corporation or an LLC, which just need to elect to be an S-Corp for tax status. In an S-Corp, income is passed through directly to shareholders, who pay taxes on their share of business income on their personal tax returns.

We recommend that new business owners choose LLC as it offers liability protection and pass-through taxation while being simpler to form than a corporation. You can form an LLC in as little as five minutes using an online LLC formation service. They will check that your business name is available before filing, submit your articles of organization, and answer any questions you might have.

Step 6: Register for Taxes

The final step before you’re able to pay taxes is getting an Employer Identification Number, or EIN. You can file for your EIN online or by mail or fax: visit the IRS website to learn more. Keep in mind, if you’ve chosen to be a sole proprietorship you can simply use your social security number as your EIN. 

Once you have your EIN, you’ll need to choose your tax year. Financially speaking, your business will operate in a calendar year (January–December) or a fiscal year, a 12-month period that can start in any month. This will determine your tax cycle, while your business structure will determine which taxes you’ll pay.

It is important to consult an accountant or other professional to help you with your taxes to ensure you’re completing them correctly.

Step 7: Fund your Business

Securing financing is your next step and there are plenty of ways to raise capital:

• Bank loans: This is the most common method but getting approved requires a rock-solid business plan and strong credit history.
• SBA-guaranteed loans: The Small Business Administration can act as guarantor, helping gain that elusive bank approval via an SBA-guaranteed loan.
• Government grants: A handful of financial assistance programs help fund entrepreneurs. Visit Grants.gov to learn which might work for you.
• Friends and Family: Reach out to friends and family to provide a business loan or investment in your concept. It’s a good idea to have legal advice when doing so because SEC regulations apply.
• Crowdfunding: Websites like Kickstarter and Indiegogo offer an increasingly popular low-risk option, in which donors fund your vision. Entrepreneurial crowdfunding sites like Fundable and WeFunder enable multiple investors to fund your business.
• Personal: Self-fund your business via your savings or the sale of property or other assets.

Bank and SBA loans are probably the best option, other than friends and family, for funding a fish farming business. You might also try crowdfunding if you have an innovative concept. 

Step 8: Apply for Fish Farming Business Licenses and Permits

Starting a fish farming business requires obtaining a number of licenses and permits from local, state, and federal governments.

Your land will need to be permitted as a fish farm. You also may need an agricultural license from your state and a health license from the local health department. Check with your state and local governments for requirements. You may also be subject to EPA regulations related to the protection of your water source, and you may need permission to redirect water from the water source. 

Federal regulations, licenses, and permits associated with starting your business include doing business as (DBA), health licenses and permits from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual properties, as well as industry-specific licenses and permits. 

You may also need state-level and local county or city-based licenses and permits. The license requirements and how to obtain them vary, so check the websites of your state, city, and county governments or contact the appropriate person to learn more. 

You could also check this SBA guide for your state’s requirements, but we recommend using MyCorporation’s Business License Compliance Package. They will research the exact forms you need for your business and state and provide them to ensure you’re fully compliant.

If you feel overwhelmed by this step or don’t know how to begin, it might be a good idea to hire a professional to help you check all the legal boxes.

Step 9: Open a Business Bank Account

Before you start making money, you’ll need a place to keep it, and that requires opening a bank account.

Keeping your business finances separate from your personal account makes it easy to file taxes and track your company’s income, so it’s worth doing even if you’re running your fish farming business as a sole proprietorship. Opening a business bank account is quite simple, and similar to opening a personal one. Most major banks offer accounts tailored for businesses — just inquire at your preferred bank to learn about their rates and features.

Banks vary in terms of offerings, so it’s a good idea to examine your options and select the best plan for you. Once you choose your bank, bring in your EIN (or Social Security Number if you decide on a sole proprietorship), articles of incorporation, and other legal documents and open your new account. 

Step 10: Get Business Insurance

Business insurance is an area that often gets overlooked yet it can be vital to your success as an entrepreneur. Insurance protects you from unexpected events that can have a devastating impact on your business.

Here are some types of insurance to consider:

• General liability: The most comprehensive type of insurance, acting as a catch-all for many business elements that require coverage. If you get just one kind of insurance, this is it. It even protects against bodily injury and property damage.
• Business Property: Provides coverage for your equipment and supplies.
• Equipment Breakdown Insurance: Covers the cost of replacing or repairing equipment that has broken due to mechanical issues.
• Worker’s compensation: Provides compensation to employees injured on the job.
• Property: Covers your physical space, whether it is a cart, storefront, or office.
• Commercial auto: Protection for your company-owned vehicle.
• Professional liability: Protects against claims from a client who says they suffered a loss due to an error or omission in your work.
• Business owner’s policy (BOP): This is an insurance plan that acts as an all-in-one insurance policy, a combination of the above insurance types.

Step 11: Prepare to Launch

As opening day nears, prepare for launch by reviewing and improving some key elements of your business. 

Essential software and tools

Being an entrepreneur often means wearing many hats, from marketing to sales to accounting, which can be overwhelming. Fortunately, many websites and digital tools are available to help simplify many business tasks. 

You may want to use industry-specific software, such as Chetu, folio3, or aquaTracker, to manage your feeding, harvesting, and inventory. 

Accounting

• Popular web-based accounting programs for smaller businesses include Quickbooks, Freshbooks, and Xero. 
• If you’re unfamiliar with basic accounting, you may want to hire a professional, especially as you begin. The consequences for filing incorrect tax documents can be harsh, so accuracy is crucial. 

Develop your website

Website development is crucial because your site is your online presence and needs to convince prospective clients of your expertise and professionalism.

You can create your own website using website builders. This route is very affordable, but figuring out how to build a website can be time-consuming. If you lack tech-savvy, you can hire a web designer or developer to create a custom website for your business.

They are unlikely to find your website, however, unless you follow Search Engine Optimization (SEO) practices. These are steps that help pages rank higher in the results of top search engines like Google. 

Marketing

Here are some powerful marketing strategies for your future business:

• Professional Branding — Ensure your branding communicates freshness, sustainability, and quality, visible in your logo, packaging, and online presence.
• Website Development— Develop a website that highlights your fish farming processes and sustainable practices, optimized for search terms like “sustainable fish farming” and “fresh seafood.”
• Local SEO — Regularly update your Google My Business and Yelp profiles to strengthen your local search presence.
• Direct Outreach — Network with local grocery stores, seafood markets, restaurants, and hotels to introduce your products and establish supply relationships.
• Social Media Engagement — Use platforms like Instagram and Facebook to showcase your farming operations, share health benefits of your fish, and engage with your audience.
• Content Marketing — Maintain an aquaculture blog that provides valuable information on sustainable fish farming practices, nutritional benefits, and delicious recipes.
• Email Marketing — Send regular newsletters to keep customers informed about harvest schedules, new products, and important updates.
• Chef and Restaurant Partnerships — Collaborate with local chefs and restaurants that value fresh, local ingredients to become their trusted fish supplier.
• Loyalty Programs — Implement a loyalty program that offers discounts or incentives to businesses that frequently purchase your products.
• Sustainability Certifications — If not already obtained, pursue sustainability certifications for your farm and use these as a marketing tool to attract environmentally conscious consumers.

Focus on USPs

Unique selling propositions, or USPs, are the characteristics of a product or service that set it apart from the competition. Customers today are inundated with buying options, so you’ll have a real advantage if they are able to quickly grasp how your fish farming business meets their needs or wishes. It’s wise to do all you can to ensure your USPs stand out on your website and in your marketing and promotional materials, stimulating buyer desire. 

Global pizza chain Domino’s is renowned for its USP: “Hot pizza in 30 minutes or less, guaranteed.” Signature USPs for your fish farming business could be:

• Great tasting, locally raised fresh tilapia
• Farm to table trout — as fresh as it gets! 
• Freshest salmon in the South!

Networking

You may not like to network or use personal connections for business gain. But your personal and professional networks likely offer considerable untapped business potential. Maybe that Facebook friend you met in college is now running a fish farming business, or a LinkedIn contact of yours is connected to dozens of potential clients. Maybe your cousin or neighbor has been working in fish farming for years and can offer invaluable insight and industry connections. 

The possibilities are endless, so it’s a good idea to review your personal and professional networks and reach out to those with possible links to or interest in fish farms. You’ll probably generate new customers or find companies with which you could establish a partnership. 

Step 12: Build Your Team

If you’re starting out small from a home office, you may not need any employees. But as your business grows, you will likely need workers to fill various roles. Potential positions for a fish farming business include:

• Fish Farm Workers – care for ponds, feed fish, process fish
• General Manager – scheduling, accounting
• Marketing Lead – SEO strategies, social media, direct sales

At some point, you may need to hire all of these positions or simply a few, depending on the size and needs of your business. You might also hire multiple workers for a single role or a single worker for multiple roles, again depending on need. 

Free-of-charge methods to recruit employees include posting ads on popular platforms such as LinkedIn, Facebook, or Jobs.com. You might also consider a premium recruitment option, such as advertising on Indeed, Glassdoor, or ZipRecruiter. Further, if you have the resources, you could consider hiring a recruitment agency to help you find talent. 

Step 13: Run a Fish Farming Business – Start Making Money!

Fish farming is an untapped market in the United States, and therefore a great opportunity for an ambitious entrepreneur. The US has only a tiny fraction of the global market, so if you are willing to make a smart investment, learn fish farming and work hard, your operation has the potential to dominate the US fish farming! 

Your business homework is out of the way now, so it’s time to start swimming toward success by laughing your fish farming business. 

Quick Answers

How profitable is fish farming?

Fish farming can be very profitable since fish is growing in demand. You just need to learn fish farming best practices and find suitable land for your fish farm, and you can be successful.

How can I learn fish farming?

To learn fish farming, you can take various aquaculture courses on Udemy. You can also find online degree programs in aquaculture.

What is the easiest fish to farm?

Tilapia is one of the easiest fish to farm. It can tolerate various water conditions and is resistant to many bacteria and parasites.

What fish sells the most in the US?

Salmon and tuna are the most consumed fish in the U.S. Tilapia also sells well because it’s inexpensive.

What is the most popular fish to farm?

Catfish are the most popular farm fish. They usually provide the best return on investment. Tilapia, trout, and yellow perch are also popular. 

Which land is best for fish farming?

Farm fishing, also known as aquaculture, is best suited for land with access to a reliable water source, such as a river, lake, or ocean. Coastal areas with calm, sheltered bays or estuaries can provide ideal conditions for shellfish and finfish farming, while inland areas with ponds or tanks can be suitable for raising various fish species.

What are the 3 types of fish farming?

1. Shellfish farming: This type of farm fishing involves cultivating and harvesting shellfish, such as oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops, in coastal areas.
2. Finfish farming: This type of farm fishing involves raising and harvesting fish, such as salmon, trout, tilapia, and catfish, in tanks or ponds.
3. Crustacean farming: This type of farm fishing involves raising and harvesting crustaceans, such as shrimp, crab, and lobster, in ponds or tanks.